{"id":2415,"date":"2017-01-13T17:03:20","date_gmt":"2017-01-13T13:03:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pankisi.ge\/?p=2415"},"modified":"2017-01-13T17:03:20","modified_gmt":"2017-01-13T13:03:20","slug":"%e1%83%a0%e1%83%a3%e1%83%a1%e1%83%94%e1%83%97%e1%83%98%e1%83%a1-%e1%83%99%e1%83%90%e1%83%95%e1%83%99%e1%83%90%e1%83%a1%e1%83%98%e1%83%90%e1%83%a8%e1%83%98-%e1%83%92%e1%83%90%e1%83%9b%e1%83%9d%e1%83%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pankisi.ge\/?p=2415","title":{"rendered":"\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10e7\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>\u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br \/>\n\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10ee\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0 \u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10de\u10d6\u10d4 (IX\u10e1. 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\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10dd\u10d6\u10d4,\u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2-\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10e0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1, \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1 \u10d0\u10db \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd-\u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10d7,\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10e9\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1, \u10e0\u10d0\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d6\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10ef\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10e1.<br \/>\nXVII \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4-\u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0. \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10db\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d8\u10d7\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1. \u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7-\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 1677-1681 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10db\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10e9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d4\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1.<br \/>\n\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10db\u10d0 XVII \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10df\u10d4\u10e9 \u10de\u10dd\u10e1\u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d0 \u10de\u10dd\u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ea\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d7 \u10d4\u10d2\u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0.\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d9\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10e8\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10db\u10d0. 1677 \u10d3\u10d0 1681 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e0\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10e1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d6\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10e7\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1 \u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. 1681 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10d6\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8,\u10d6\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db 20 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7.<br \/>\n1682 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d5\u10d3\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4-3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10e0\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd. XVII \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8 90-\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10de\u10d4\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4 I \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 (1682-1725) \u00a0\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5 \u10db\u10dd\u10e6\u10d5\u10d0\u10ec\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10da\u10e2\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10de\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8\u10ea \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10de\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10de\u10dd\u10d6\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d4\u10d2\u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10e5 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10ed\u10e0\u10dd \u10d2\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8. \u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10de\u10d4\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea \u10e4\u10d8\u10e5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc. \u10de\u10d4\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4 I- \u10db\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10e3\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0.<br \/>\n1722-1723 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10de\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0 \u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10e5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10de\u10d4\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4 I-\u10db\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d5\u10d0\u10ee\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2 VI-\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc. \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d5\u10d0\u10ee\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2 VI-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10eb\u10e6\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e1\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10d7\u10d0 \u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10ea \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0,\u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d4\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10d5 \u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e9\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0.<br \/>\n\u10db\u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 XVIII\u10e1. 20-\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10e1 \u10de\u10d4\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4 I-\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d5\u10d0\u10ee\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2 VI-\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10ec\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10e7\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e1\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10d4.\u10ec. &#8220;\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10e5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e1\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8&#8221;, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10de\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10e0\u10dd\u10da\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4, \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e9\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e1-\u10e5\u10d5\u10dd \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0.<br \/>\n\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10ec\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10e2 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e2\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0 1768-1774 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7-\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10d6\u10d0\u10d5\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0 \u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u2013 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da-\u10d9\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10da\u10d4 II-\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10db\u10dd\u10dc I-\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2. 1774 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e9\u10e3\u10d9-\u10d9\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10db\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10db\u10ea\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10dd\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7.<br \/>\nXVIII\u00a0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8,\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10dd \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10e0 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea XVIII \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da \u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8. \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10eb\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10e7\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br \/>\n\u10d8\u10db \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8,\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d1\u10e0\u10eb\u10dd\u10da\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1,\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dd\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10da \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc, \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10db\u10e3\u10e1\u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8, \u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10e3\u10da\u10d8, \u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8.<br \/>\n\u10d8\u10db \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10dd\u10d6\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e1\u10ed\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10e7\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0, \u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d0\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4-\u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0.<br \/>\n\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10e7\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db \u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10de\u10d0\u10d3:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>1801 &#8211; 1813 \u10ec.\u10ec, \u10d0\u10db \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d8\u10de\u10e7\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1, \u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1.<\/li>\n<li>1813 \u2013 1829 \u10ec.\u10ec \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10de\u10e7\u10e0\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd,\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7 \u10e1\u10dd\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d8.<\/li>\n<li>1830-1864 \u10ec.\u10ec &#8211; \u10db\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4 \u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10de\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10e7\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>XVIII &#8211; \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 80 &#8211; \u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10db\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10e7\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e5\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e3\u10d6\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1,\u10d0\u10e8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0\u10eb\u10dd\u10da \u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1 \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d0 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0. \u10d0\u10db \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db \u10e1\u10d0\u10db \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10da\u10d4 II &#8211; \u10d4 \u10ee\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ec\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7-\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10dc, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10e3\u10da \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, \u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d6\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7.<br \/>\n\u10d0\u10db \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10ea \u10db\u10eb\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10e1, \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 700-800 \u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d7\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10ea\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1 \u10db\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10eb\u10d4\u10d1\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1, \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e3\u10d1\u10e0\u10eb\u10dd\u10da\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1, \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10ee\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10d4 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1, \u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10e5\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10e1\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e1 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1 \u10db\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1.<br \/>\n\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10db 1782 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10da\u10d4 II -\u10db \u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d4\u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4 II &#8211; \u10d4\u10e1, \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da-\u10d9\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10dd \u10db\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e6\u10dd.<br \/>\n1783 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0 \u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10ea\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4-\u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10d5\u10e1\u10d9\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0.<br \/>\n1784 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10dd \u10e1\u10d8\u10d2\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10da\u10d4 II &#8211; \u10db \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d4\u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4 II &#8211; \u10db\u10d0\u10ea.<br \/>\n\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10da\u10d4 II &#8211; \u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d0\u10db \u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3, \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10e0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10da\u10d4\u10d9\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 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\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10e5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da-\u10d9\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e3\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0.\u10e8<br \/>\n\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da-\u10d9\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10e7\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10db\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d4\u10d2\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8.<br \/>\n1826-28 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7 &#8211; \u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 1828-29 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7-\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e9\u10d0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10d5\u10dd \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10e8\u10d4\u10d9\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d7, \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10db\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd-\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10e7\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10db\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d4\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10da-\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d0.<br \/>\n1846-49 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0, \u10ea\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3, \u10d2\u10e3\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10e7\u10dd. 1864 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0\u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e6\u10dd.<br \/>\n\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10db\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10de\u10e7\u10e0\u10dd,\u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd-\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d0. \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd-\u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d3\u10d2\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd-\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10eb\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd. \u10e7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10e8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10d1\u10e0\u10eb\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2, \u10d3\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d6\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10d4\u10e1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1, \u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10dd\u10d6\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d4\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0, \u10e9\u10d4\u10e9\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc, \u10d3\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10dc\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 \u10db\u10e3\u10d3\u10db\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d4\u10e1\u10ee\u10dd\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1,\u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d0\u10d6\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8.<br \/>\n\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd-\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10ec\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0\u10d1\u10e0\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.\u10d0\u10db \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10e3\u10ed\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0. \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e6\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d8\u10db\u10e8\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10ec\u10d8\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10db\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7,\u10d4.\u10ec \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0.<br \/>\n1812 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10dd \u10dd\u10db\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2, \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3. \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0. XIX \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd \u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10e1, \u10e9\u10d4\u10e9\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e7\u10e3\u10d1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e1\u10ef\u10d4\u10da \u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10db\u10dd\u10f0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0.\u00a0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0 \u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1. \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3. \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10eb\u10e0\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d0\u10db \u10db\u10dd\u10eb\u10e0\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 1825 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d0\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10d1\u10d4\u10d8\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d7 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10eb\u10e6\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7.<br \/>\n\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10de\u10e7\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10ef\u10e3\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10db \u10d8\u10e1\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0,\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10e4\u10e3\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e7\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10d6\u10db\u10e1. \u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10d6\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10e3\u10eb\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10e3\u10f0\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0, \u10e7\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10ef\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10da &#8211; \u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10d6\u10db\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0 &#8211; \u10d3\u10dd\u10d2\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc,\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5 &#8211; \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0 \u10e1\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0.<br \/>\n1830 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10db\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10db \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10ef\u10d8\u10f0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 ( \u10e1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd \u10dd\u10db\u10d8 ) \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10ea\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0. \u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d0\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 60 000 \u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc 100 000 \u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10e7\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 120 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc 1000 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0.<br \/>\n\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4 \u10de\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e9\u10db\u10d0 \u10d0\u10da\u10e7\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10e7\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d8\u10db\u10e0\u10e1,\u10e7\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e1 \u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e7\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc \u10de\u10e3\u10dc\u10e5\u10e2\u10e1, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10d3\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10e8\u10d8,\u10e9\u10d4\u10e9\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8,\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0-\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10d0\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10de\u10e7\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10d1\u10e0\u10eb\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10ea\u10d0.<br \/>\n1832 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10d0, \u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10d2. \u10e0\u10dd\u10d6\u10d4\u10dc\u10db\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10db\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d8\u10db\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d8\u10e6\u10dd, \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d8 \u10e7\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0 \u10d1\u10e0\u10eb\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10de\u10d0, \u10db\u10eb\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ed\u10e0\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e3\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0\u10eb\u10dd\u10da\u10d8, \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8.<br \/>\n\u10e7\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10d9\u10d5\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10ef\u10d8\u10f0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 ( \u10e1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd \u10dd\u10db\u10d8 ) \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d0\u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0, \u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0.<br \/>\n\u10e7\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10d9\u10d5\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2, \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10d8\u10e5\u10dc\u10d0 \u10f0\u10d0\u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d7 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8 ( 1832 \u2013 1834 ), \u10e7\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10db \u10d3\u10d0 \u10f0\u10d0\u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d7 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d2\u10db\u10d0 \u10ef\u10d8\u10f0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10d6\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d4\u10e9\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10d7\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d9\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10e8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d9\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1.<br \/>\n1834 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8( 1834 \u2013 1859 ).<br \/>\n1834 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10db\u10d8 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da \u10e4\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0,\u10ef\u10d8\u10f0\u10d0\u10d3\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10eb\u10e6\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d8\u10ed\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e3\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ef\u10d8\u10da\u10d3\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10eb\u10da\u10dd \u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10dd\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d0. \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e9\u10d4\u10e9\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd \u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10e1.<br \/>\n\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10dd\u10da\u10e5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8\u10ea \u10dc\u10d0\u10d8\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d2\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd &#8211; \u10d0\u10d3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 400 \u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e3\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8.<br \/>\n\u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 10 000 \u10d3\u10d0\u10dc 20 000 \u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d7\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e3\u10da \u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10d2\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, 1834 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc.<br \/>\n1834-37 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10e0\u10eb\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0, \u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10d9\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10ea\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d6\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd \u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1,\u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10db\u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e3\u10db\u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e1\u10d0\u10ed\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd 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\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0 \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e6\u10dd.<br \/>\n1839 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10db\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10de\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0 \u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10d2\u10dd \u10d0\u10d8\u10e6\u10dd,\u10d3\u10d0\u10ed\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d0\u10d6\u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e9\u10d4\u10e9\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0.<br \/>\nXIX \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 40 &#8211; \u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ea\u10ee\u10d0.<br \/>\n\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d8\u10d2\u10d3\u10dd \u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8, \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10d5 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e8\u10d8.<br \/>\n1842 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10e7\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8,\u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d0\u10d6\u10db\u10d8.<br \/>\n1845 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10d8\u10da \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10ea\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e3\u10da \u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d0\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10eb\u10e6\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e1\u10ef\u10d4\u10da \u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1, \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10d4\u10e1. \u10d0\u10db \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2, 1846 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10ed\u10e0\u10d0, \u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d6\u10d4\u10ea \u10d2\u10d0\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0, \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e6\u10d0\u10e0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10eb\u10da\u10dd.<br \/>\n1853 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10db\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d0\u10d6\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10db\u10d7\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1.<br \/>\n\u10e7\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db 1854 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d9\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e0\u10d0\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10eb\u10da\u10dd.<br \/>\n\u10e7\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d3\u10d2\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e3\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0, 1859 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e0\u10eb\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2, \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0 \u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d8\u10e6\u10dd, \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e2\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d0\u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1, \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10db\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10ec\u10e7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0.<br \/>\n\u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e8\u10d4\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd &#8211; \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10ea, \u10db\u10e3\u10f0\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10db\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea 1848 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0, \u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10e0\u10eb\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2, 1859 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10dd\u10d4\u10db\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0.<br \/>\n1863-64 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd-\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0, 1864 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10d1\u10e0\u10eb\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d6\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e2\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e3\u10d1\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10e3,\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10e0\u10e7\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dd\u10db\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0.<br \/>\n\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3 1801 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc 1864 \u10ec\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10db \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10de\u10e7\u10e0\u10dd.<br \/>\n&nbsp;<br \/>\n<em><strong>\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc \u10d1\u10dd\u10e0\u10eb\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 &nbsp; \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10ee\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0 \u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 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